Frontal Lobe

The frontal lobe is the biggest part of the brain. It controls many important abilities including planning and movement as well as social and emotional processes [2] or concentration [1]. The frontal lobe is also responsible for storing and retrieving memories. For all abilities the frontal lobe splits into three major parts, the prefrontal cortex which surrounds Broca's area at the bottom and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at the top, the premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex (from front to back).

The prefrontal cortex plays a big role in who we are and how we behave as it reasons on recent memories and acts as the emotional moral compass [1].

Broca's area is part of the language processing center. It strongly correlates with Wernicke's area (see Temporal Lobe). The language is only processed in one half of the brain (mostly the left one even if your left handed). For language processing the Broca's area plans tongue and lip movement [1].

The premotor cortex is responsible for planning the movement of the body. It also saves reaction so if you see a green traffic light for the second time you react faster than the first time [1].

The primary motor cortex acts as motor for the premotor cortex. It performs the planned body movements. The specialty about this is that the right half controls the left body half and the other way round.

Parietal Lobe

The parietal lobe recognizes touch, pressure, temperature, and pain [1]. The pain can be located very precisely because of the lobe. The two halfs have different tasks. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for speech, reading, writing and calculating while the other uses "body memory" to react to the surring environment without having to think about it [1]. The part where the parietal and temporal lobe are connected somewhere arround Wernicke's area is called the temporo-parietal junction and helps to be empathetic. This part also is involved in out-of-body experiences [1].

The front part of the parietal lobe is called somatosensory cortex. It helps humans especially children to learn from objects they touched like a hot stove [1].

Temporal Lobe

The temporal lobe processes the data gathered by the senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, and smelling). It also stores word to sound information [1]. This information is used by Wernicke's area which strongly works togehter with Broca's area (see Frontal Lobe).

The lobe is also included in the visual memory process for recognizing objects and persons like our favorite place or our best friend's face [2].

Occipital Lobe

The occipital lobe is the smallest of the four lobes. It uses data from the eyes to determine shape, color, depth, and angles [1]. For visual processing it works together with other parts of the brain like the Temporal Lobe.

The inner part of the lobe is called visual cortex. It uses gathered information and spreads them to the corresponding area in other lobes of the brain to set objects in relation to your body or calculate its movement speed and direction [1].

The Meninges

The meninges covers the brain from damage and is right under the cranium (bone). In the image the three layers, the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, can be seen.

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The dura mater is the outermost layer consisting of two connective layers. The endosteel layer connects the dura mater with the bone of the skull [5]. The second connective layer is the meningeal layer. It connects the the endosteel layer with the middle layer of the meninges. Underneath the arachnoid is the sub-arachnoid space. It contains cerebrospinal fluid [5]. The pia mater is the innermost layer. It is very thin and really near to the surface of the brain [5].

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the brain. At a time there are between 100 and 160 ml CSF [6]. Per day arround 500 ml are absorbed by the brain [6] and are produced within the walls of the ventricles [1] which distribute the CSF all around the brain. Its functions are buoyancy so the pressure does not damage the nervous system and the brain is not aggrieved by its own weight [6]. Another function is the protection from shaking the head so the brain does not touch the cranium. If it is shaken too hard it leads to a concussion or at children to the shaken child syndrome [6].