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Virtual 3D City Model
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Networks
Modern society depends on a stable and a complex array of networks to deliver fuel, water and wastewater, electricity, gas and communication. Utility network infrastructures require an improved model to manage their relation to other network systems and to provide an integrated view to understand the interaction between city entities and utility networks. In recent years, there is a continues efforts to extend the 3D semantic city model CityGML by an extension to model utilities infrastructure i.e. a UtilityNetworkADE that supports the modeling and simulation of supply and disposal networks in 3D city models as well as the fluxes of the commodities such as water, electricity and gas within these networks. The data model is aimed to support people from different domains related to planning and simulation of district heating, electricity and freshwater networks, planning and operation of smart energy, supply and disposal networks, vulnerability assessment and disaster management, city system simulation and Smart Cities as well as facility management.
Building Information Model (BIM)
BIM is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure. Increased demand for tools that allow merging of Building Information Models with GIS models is observed in the last several years. BIM is seen as an essential data source for 3D city models, as it creates more navigable, interactive and visually realistic information for built environments. It provides these applications with information about the interior space usage and the connectivity between spaces. Integrating BIM in Virtual Distirict Model provide these model with the required information for different LOD. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in addressing the issues related to interoperability and integration between 3D BIM data and 3D GIS data. Researchers suggested that the best approach for such integration is harmonised semantics, which will allow formal mappings between the design (BIM) and real world (GIS) models. Two most prominent semantic models in the design and real worlds are currently IFC and CityGML. Several studies demonstrate automatic generation of buildings in CityGML using the IFC models.
Visualisation
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